Let me begin by stating that I am not a professional, just a self-publishing writer who tends to obsess over grammar. Sometimes I offer to help people with editing – I can be very critical of grammatical errors in my reviews, but would prefer to fix the errors than complain about them.
I don’t want to refer to particular style manuals. Publishing houses and editors have their policies and preferences. Self-publishers have the freedom to choose their own rules, but only within reason.
I am writing this partly as a reminder for myself when editing. If it’s useful to you, then great.
1. Apostrophes and quotation marks
- denotes ownership (e.g.: Tabitha’s whiskers are white; the girls’ skirts are far too short, what would their mothers say?), and
- is used for contractions (e.g.: it’s only natural, isn’t it).
- for short quoted phrases (e.g.: the sign said ‘Keep Out’; his promise of ‘rock bottom’ prices was wishful thinking at best), and
- as an alternative to left/right pairs of double quotation marks (e.g.: Mimicking their voices superbly, he continued, “Tom was furious, and yelled, ‘I demand to see the manager!’ The poor receptionist was in tears. ‘Please, sir,’ she said, ‘It was a mistake!’”).
- to denote speech (e.g.: Tom banged his fist on the table, and shouted, “I want to see him now!”), and
- as an alternative to left/right pairs of single quotation marks (e.g.: written above the door were the words ‘Speak “Friend” and enter’).
- Depending on the keyboard and software, apostrophes and single and double quotation marks may not be the correct symbols. Look at this example:
- Smart quotes read better than plain quotes. Plain quotes should not be used at all in the final publication. However, it may be simpler to use plain quotes during the early drafts.
- When using smart quotes, ensure that all apostrophes are a right single quote. A left single quote is used only to begin speech or a quotation.
‘Tis so indeed.
‘”I demand an apology,” he said, “and a refund!”‘
- Watch out for dialogue spanning multiple paragraphs. Speech at the start of a paragraph must have a quotation mark, but speech at the end of a paragraph should not have one if the next paragraph continues. Be especially careful where one person is relaying the speech of another.
‘“I’m Lily,” she said.
‘“I’m Alyth,” I replied nervously. She was wearing a black polo neck and dark jeggings, so all I could see of her was her hair and the faint glitter of her eyes. Quite sinister, in a way.
‘But her voice was light and enthusiastic. “I love libraries,” she said. “So much ancient knowledge. So many secrets. Nowhere else does fiction blend so easily with fact.” …
- Watch out for mismatched or inconsistent use of single and double quotation marks (e.g.: He said, ‘What?”).
- Watch out for spaces accidentally placed immediately inside quotation marks (e.g.: He said, ‘ What? ’).
- The biggest problem with apostrophes is when they’re missing, because the grammar and spellcheckers can miss these errors easily. For example: I watched the girls watch. Who or what was I really watching?
- Sometimes apostrophes are there when they shouldn’t be. In general, if there is an implication of belonging, there should be an apostrophe. It’s very confusing, therefore, to use apostrophes to construct plurals of non-words (e.g.: DVD’s, CD’s, 1990’s); I don’t have an elegant solution for this, but I generally just add the ‘s’ without an apostrophe if I can’t rewrite to avoid the problem.
- Watch out for misplaced apostrophes that confuse singular and multiple possession. For example: The boy’s bad behaviour ruined the school’s reputation. In this case there is one boy ruining the reputation of one school. If there had been more than one boy at fault, it would instead be: The boys’ bad behaviour ruined the school’s reputation.
- The convention is to have commas separating speech from narrative (e.g., “Is it true,” he asked, “that dragons only exist in fables?”). It’s a good rule, but shouldn’t necessarily be extended to short quotations (e.g.: His cry of ‘No!’ echoed down along the canyon; the sign on the door had the words ‘Keep Out’ in large red capital letters).
- A narrative aside in the middle of speech should have dashes outside the speech:
- Watch out for errors in sentence continuation and capitalization after speech:
- Finally – last, but not least – there are certain words that cause a plague of errors.
These are words of belonging but do not have an apostrophe.
e.g.: Whose poetry is this? I don’t like its rhyme.
it’s, who’s
These are contractions, ‘it’s’ meaning ‘it is’ or ‘it has’, ‘who’s’ meaning ‘who is’ or ‘who has’.
e.g.: ‘Who’s gone down to fetch it? It’s not Dave, I hope.’
they’re, you’re
These are contractions for ‘they are’ and ‘you are’. Often confused with there (indicating location), their (indicating ownership) and your (indicating ownership).
e.g.: They’re not going to your place, you’re going to their place.
I am not the first and will not be the last to write about apostrophes. Here are some excellent links:
